| Solar panel | Solar array are instruments that change sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to convert heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space heating, or electricity production. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, famous sights, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a varied scenery of gentle slopes, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic radiance emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of energy generated by the flow of charged particles, primarily electrons. It drives innumerable systems and systems, facilitating modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, power supplies, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that holds chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to operate various digital equipment. It comprises one or more galvanic units, each containing electrode pairs separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy option that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that changes DC generated by solar panels into AC fit for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and providing secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, generally used in residential and industrial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to ascertain the extent, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then sent wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess energy generated from green sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations generally use batteries to deliver backup power, reduce energy costs, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels chronicles the progress and advancements in photovoltaic tech from the early invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar panels. It features major milestones, including the development of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have significantly boosted power conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic scientist noted for his pioneering work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the basis for comprehending how radiation interacts with certain media to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US innovator who created the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D organization historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, well known for its key role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar modules. It is a solid, fragile crystal substance with a blue-grey shine, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact device installed on each solar module to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach improves system effectiveness, facilitates improved performance monitoring, and increases power output in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a unit that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar panels to provide a sustainable and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle which represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials convert sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the harnessing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are essential considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy refers to the speed at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and green energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of power in the SI system, representing the speed of energy flow or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the work per single charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electric charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for supplying electronic equipment and allowing the operation of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the unit of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and capacity of power systems to ensure secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for recharging and feeding a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that changes DC from inputs like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as an collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to follow the solar trajectory throughout the 24 hours, enhancing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring ideal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the performance point to correspond to the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a tool that observes and analyzes the effectiveness of solar power systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on energy production and system condition. It aids optimize solar energy output by identifying problems ahead of time and guaranteeing maximum output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous small silicon lattice structures, typically used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves fusing and reforming silicon to form a high-purity, polycrystalline structure suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a single lattice arrangement, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent structure allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in superior efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar system that offers a affordable and efficient alternative for extensive solar energy production. They are recognized for their excellent absorption performance and relatively reduced manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices that utilize a layered material of Cu, In, Ga, and Se to turn sunlight into electricity effectively. They are known for their high absorption performance, bendability, and capability for compact, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered atomic structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic components due to its affordability and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that employ several p-n connections layered in tandem to capture a wider range of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. They are mainly applied in space missions and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that generate solar radiation into electric power to operate onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ focusing elements or reflectors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, providing a economical solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and pliant form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a easy-to-handle, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in various technological fields. These films are vital in electronics, optical systems, and coverings for their distinctive physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a renewable and affordable energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of substance covering tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, light manipulation, and medicine, to alter surface properties or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision measuring instruments used to accurately measure minute thicknesses or widths, commonly in manufacturing and production. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a fine, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the foundation for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their high efficiency and adaptability, making them suitable for diverse applications. They employ a stratified semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight straight into power with remarkable efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using PV cells, supplying a sustainable energy source for household, business, and large-scale applications. They offer a eco-friendly, long-lasting, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that utilize organic materials, to convert sun's energy into electric power. They are compact, bendable, and enable more affordable, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic material used in thin-film solar modules due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an attractive alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, outer walls, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, improves energy efficiency, and gives a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations details various massive solar energy plants around the planet, showcasing their capacities and positions. These facilities function a crucial role in sustainable energy generation and global efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are extensive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, breezes, and water. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as lignite, crude oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the main power sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as Pb, Hg, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how efficiently a solar cell converts sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by increasing the portion of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear instrument that bends light to bring together or separate rays, creating images. It is often used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It improves the sharpness and luminosity of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitude levels negate each other, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the resultant wave. This phenomenon generally happens when these waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, permitting effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a tiny device used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into AC suitable for home applications. It improves system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and simplifies installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage level and current cyclically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in homes and industries to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an device. It typically consists of a round plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and trustworthy connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international security approval agency that assesses and certifies products to ensure they adhere to particular security standards. It supports consumers and businesses recognize trustworthy and safe products through strict review and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this arrangement, the same current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a solid-state device that permits current to pass in a single direction only, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, designed to supply electrical energy for multiple devices and add-ons inside a car. It permits users to power electronic gadgets or use small devices while on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking devices to computers, enabling data transmission and power supply. It supports a wide range of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external drives, and cell phones, with various revisions offering faster speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, extending from wireless signals to gamma radiation, each with varied lengths and energies. This band is crucial to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, diagnostic imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It plays a important role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on alterations of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and unity. This design approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to calculate the strength of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, frequently in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the dispersion and conveyance of power across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial body of air with fairly even thermal and humidity properties, coming from from certain source zones. These air masses affect weather systems and atmospheric situations as they pass through different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the type of light. It fluctuates with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of debris, and other particles on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Routine maintenance and care are essential to limit energy waste and maintain maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the highest power capacity of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak ability to produce electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to determine the potential difference between two points in a electrical system. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where elevated voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal chemical element crucial for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical traits that make it useful in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive collections of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of using land for both solar energy generation and cultivation, making the most of space and resources. This method improves crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides shade while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of multiple solar panels designed to create electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to generate environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the usability and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a comfortable area for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line between an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and celestial observation to specify the orientation of an target relative to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy integration and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of power equal to a billion W, used to measure massive energy production and consumption. It is generally associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film-based solar cells that offer excellent efficiency and affordable energy production. The organization is committed to sustainable renewable energy advancement and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in smoothly integrating various components of manufacturing and automated systems to boost productivity and trustworthiness. It aims on developing innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese company specializing in producing and developing solar-powered solar items and systems. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often utilized to represent the ability of massive power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the immense power scale involved in current power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost drops as overall production rises, due to learning and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the value of accumulated experience in reducing costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or less than the price of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy technologies are economically viable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to homes and businesses through a grid of power lines, delivering a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the nation, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is crucial for securing the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the solar radiation using PV panels to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a green, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in domestic, business, and factory sites to produce renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered products features a range of tools that capture sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, offering flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a installation that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use optical lenses or mirrors focusing solar radiation on high-performance solar cells, significantly increasing energy capture from less space. This technology is highly suitable in areas with direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
