| Solar panel | Solar array act as devices that change sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to generate heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its abundant cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of rolling hills, historic forts, and lively city hubs that combine history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental radiance emitted by the star, crucial for existence on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of power generated by the motion of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels numerous appliances and infrastructures, enabling contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electric power to operate various electronic gadgets. It comprises several electrochemical cells, each housing electrode pairs interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly power solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that transforms DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid integration. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing safe, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, usually used in home and commercial power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to measure the dimension, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like meters, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive installations that utilize sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for later use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations commonly employ batteries to provide backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the progress and innovations in solar power technology from the early discovery of the solar effect to modern high-efficiency solar arrays. It features significant innovations, including the invention of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have substantially boosted energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist famous for his innovative work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the basis for grasping how illumination interacts with specific substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American inventor who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous innovative organization historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar cells. It is a tough, breakable solid material with a steel-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small component installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach improves system efficiency, allows for better performance oversight, and boosts energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar arrays to provide a sustainable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a elementary particle that represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It has a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which particular compounds turn sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the core principle behind solar cell technology, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, neat crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furniture, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the rate at which electric power is transferred by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy transfer rate in the SI system, indicating the speed of energy transfer or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the power per individual charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electricity through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is essential for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electric flow in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and size of power systems to maintain reliable and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for powering and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that changes DC from inputs like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the application of regular electrical equipment in locations where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as an collection of multiple individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the position of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the day, optimizing solar energy capture. This system improves the effectiveness of solar power gathering by ensuring ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the power generation of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to align with the peak power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology guarantees the most efficient energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that observes and analyzes the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, offering useful data on energy production and system status. It assists maximize solar power output by spotting problems ahead of time and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, devices, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless minute silicon crystals, commonly used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and reforming silicon to form a high-purity, polycrystalline structure appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronic components. Its uniform structure allows for better charge movement, resulting in better functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a type of film solar technology that offers a affordable and effective solution for extensive solar energy generation. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and moderately low manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar devices that employ a multi-layered compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to transform sunlight into power efficiently. They are recognized for their high absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for portable, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a disordered molecular configuration, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and versatile properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that use various p-n connections stacked together to collect a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are primarily used in space missions and advanced solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that convert solar radiation into electric power to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ optics or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, providing a economical solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in diverse technological applications. These coatings are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and coverings for their distinctive physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of compound covering a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in various industries, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision devices used to precisely measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, typically in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a thin, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the base for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and adaptability, making them suitable for multiple fields. They use a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that transforms sunlight directly into power with outstanding efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into power using photovoltaic cells, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, industrial, and large-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, renewable, and affordable way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that employ organic materials, to transform solar radiation into electricity. They are easy to handle, flexible, and provide lower-cost, broad solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising semiconductor substance used in thin-film solar cells due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as roofing, outer walls, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves placing a transparent film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy facilities around the planet, highlighting their output and sites. These facilities serve a vital role in sustainable energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale facilities that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in clean energy production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, air currents, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental harm and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the main power sources for power production and vehicle operation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as Pb, quicksilver, Cd, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how efficiently a photovoltaic device generates sunlight into usable electricity. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy output and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and reducing prices. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by boosting the portion of sustainable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent device that bends light to focus or diverge rays, producing images. It is frequently used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and luminosity of optical devices by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes counteract each other, leading to a diminution or total eradication of the combined wave. This occurrence typically happens when these waves are out of phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, permitting efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a small entity used to change direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electricity delivered through a setup where the voltage level and current periodically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in residences and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power source to an device. It generally consists of a round plug and jack that provide a firm and trustworthy link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a global protection validation body that tests and approves products to guarantee they adhere to specific protection requirements. It assists consumers and businesses find dependable and protected products through strict evaluation and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the constant current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a electronic device that allows current to move in one sense only, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, designed to deliver electrical power for different devices and attachments within a automobile. It permits users to power electronic electronics or operate small electronics during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral hardware to PCs, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It supports a variety of hardware such as keyboards, mice, external storage devices, and smartphones, with various revisions delivering increased speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing breakthroughs in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from wireless signals to gamma rays, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energies. This range is essential for a wide array of devices and the natural world, allowing communication, medical imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This composition approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per sq meter. It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to calculate the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the spread and movement of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is frequently used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big mass of air with comparatively uniform thermal and moisture properties, coming from from certain starting zones. These air masses influence weather patterns and sky states as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the intensity per square kilometer received from the solar source in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the accumulation of debris, and other particles on the panels of solar arrays, which decreases their efficiency. Regular cleaning and maintenance are important to limit energy loss and ensure best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the peak power capacity of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak ability to create electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an measuring tool used to check the potential difference between two points in a electrical system. It is commonly used in different electrical and electronic fields to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal chemical element necessary for plant growth and used in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has unique chemical properties that make it beneficial in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to produce renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated practice of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, optimizing space and resources. This strategy improves crop production while concurrently generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight using both surfaces, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a installation that provides shelter while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of several photovoltaic modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to deliver clean, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that offers shade and protection from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the functionality and look of a terrace, making it a comfortable area for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an viewer to a destination. It is frequently used in wayfinding, mapping, and astrophysics to indicate the bearing of an object relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material widely used in thin film solar panels due to its high efficiency and affordability. It exhibits superb optical characteristics, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in driving solar energy adoption and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to quantify big energy generation and usage. It is typically associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, expert in making thin-film solar panels that deliver excellent efficiency and affordable power generation. The firm is committed to sustainable energy development and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through innovative solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly integrating various components of manufacturing and automation systems to boost performance and trustworthiness. It aims on building advanced solutions that promote efficient communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top Chinese company focused on manufacturing and innovating solar-powered solar products and solutions. Renowned for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often utilized to represent the capacity of large-scale power production or consumption. It highlights the immense energy scale involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as overall production grows, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the significance of learned skills in cutting expenses and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the price of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are financially competitive with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a network of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to convert electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, business, and factory sites to produce clean, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy items features a selection of gadgets that capture sunlight to produce energy, promoting eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, delivering versatile options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a facility that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses or reflectors to focus solar radiation onto high-performance photovoltaic cells, greatly boosting power output from less space. This approach is particularly effective where intense, direct sunlight and offers a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
