| Solar panel | Solar array act as components that convert sunlight into using solar cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that captures sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its rich cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of undulating terrain, old castles, and lively city hubs that combine history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic illumination emitted by the sun, crucial for life on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of power resulting from the movement of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels numerous appliances and infrastructures, supporting modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to power various electronic gadgets. It comprises multiple electrochemical units, each containing electrode pairs divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly power option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that converts DC produced by solar panels into AC suitable for domestic use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and providing secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, generally used in domestic and business power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It ensures efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the extent, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive facilities that capture sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a sustainable and sustainable energy resource, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on roofs of buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar panels that gather solar radiation and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess power generated from green sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy independence and effectiveness. These systems typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of photovoltaic cells documents the advancement and improvements in solar power technology from the initial invention of the solar effect to contemporary advanced solar arrays. It features key milestones, including the development of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have significantly improved energy transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession renowned for his innovative work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His research laid the groundwork for grasping how radiation interacts with particular substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an United States innovator who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar panels. It is a tough, brittle crystalline substance with a bluish-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact device installed on each solar module to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology increases system efficiency, allows for improved performance monitoring, and boosts energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a device that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in solar arrays to offer a green and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a fundamental particle that represents a unit of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It has a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds convert sunlight immediately into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of power in the metric system, showing the speed of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the energy per single charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between locations in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in amps. It is essential for supplying electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the unit of electrical flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It indicates the movement of electrical charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and power of power systems to ensure reliable and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a simple and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that transforms DC from sources like cells or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the operation of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the orientation of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This system increases the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the power output of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the optimal power point of the solar panels. This methodology provides the most efficient power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a device that observes and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in live, offering useful data on energy generation and system status. It aids maximize solar power generation by detecting faults ahead of time and securing maximum output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, devices, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless minute silicon crystals, commonly used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves fusing and reforming silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronics. Its consistent formation allows for improved charge movement, resulting in better functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar technology that presents a economical and effective solution for massive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their high absorption performance and relatively reduced manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar devices that employ a composite compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and Se to turn sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are known for their great light capturing performance, flexibility, and capability for compact, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a amorphous atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic systems due to its affordability and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that use several p-n junctions arranged in tandem to capture a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. These are mostly used in space satellites and high-performance solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert solar radiation into electricity to supply onboard systems. Usually lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its great electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This approach is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, providing a cost-effective approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for superior performance and bendability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These coatings are vital in electronic systems, optics, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of substance spanning fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medical applications, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision gauges used to accurately measure small distances or thicknesses, generally in machining and manufacturing. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a narrow, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the foundation for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the core material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices recognized for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for multiple fields. They employ a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that transforms sunlight directly into power with remarkable effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, providing a green energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They offer a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that use organic materials, to transform solar radiation into electricity. They are lightweight, flexible, and offer the potential for more affordable, broad solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic compound used in laminate solar modules due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its excellent optoelectronic properties make it an desirable substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, building exteriors, and windows. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations overview various extensive solar energy plants around the world, demonstrating their power and sites. These facilities function a crucial role in sustainable energy production and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive installations that transform sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and water. It offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, petroleum, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the chief fuels for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various power sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable resources into electricity. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as plumbum, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how well a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into usable power. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is revolutionizing the world energy sector by raising the percentage of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through device that bending light to bring together or spread out rays, producing images. It is commonly used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It boosts the crispness and illumination of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes cancel each other out, resulting in a decrease or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This occurrence typically happens when the waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a compact component used to transform DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It enhances system performance by optimizing power output at the panel level and streamlines setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the voltage level and electric flow periodically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in homes and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a category of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that ensure a firm and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international protection certification agency that tests and endorses products to ensure they meet certain security requirements. It helps consumers and companies recognize reliable and protected products through thorough assessment and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this setup, the identical current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate independently, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to move in a single direction only, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, designed to deliver electrical energy for multiple devices and add-ons inside a vehicle. It permits users to power electronic devices or use small electronics when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral hardware to computing systems, enabling data transmission and electric power. It supports a broad spectrum of devices such as keyboards, mouses, external drives, and cell phones, with various versions offering increased speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on innovations in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, spanning from wireless signals to gamma radiation, featuring diverse lengths and power. This band is fundamental to numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing data exchange, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color design based on shades of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to calculate the magnitude of power or power received or emitted over a particular area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the distribution and conveyance of energy across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to illustrate the spread of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big volume of atmosphere with comparatively even temperature and moisture properties, coming from from certain starting areas. These air masses influence climate trends and sky situations as they travel over various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the power per unit area received from the Sun in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing weather patterns and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar power refers to the accumulation of debris, and other particles on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their performance. Consistent upkeep and maintenance are necessary to minimize energy waste and ensure maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the peak power output of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak potential to create electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to determine the electrical potential between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi metallic chemical element necessary for plant development and applied in different industrial uses, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses unique chemical properties that cause it beneficial in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated method of employing land for both solar power production and agriculture, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while concurrently generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, enhancing overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides cover while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of multiple solar panels designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to generate clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that offers shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and look of a courtyard, making it a pleasant zone for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an viewer to a target object. It is commonly used in routing, mapping, and astronomy to define the direction of an object in relation to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits outstanding optical characteristics, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are key in advancing solar energy implementation and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess big electricity generation and usage. It is commonly associated with power plants, national grids, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar energy solutions, focused on making thin film-based solar cells that offer high-performance and affordable energy production. The firm is focused on sustainable energy development and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in smoothly integrating various components of industrial and automation systems to boost performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on building advanced solutions that enable smooth communication and cooperation among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent Chinese corporation specializing in producing and developing solar-powered solar items and systems. It is known for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to describe the potential of large-scale electricity production or usage. It underscores the immense energy extent involved in contemporary power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit of production decreases as total output increases, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This effect highlights the value of accumulated experience in cutting expenses and boosting output in manufacturing and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, sustainable energy source that assists lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the efficient and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It is a sustainable, sustainable, and planet-friendly source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, business, and manufacturing settings to create renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered items features a range of gadgets that utilize sunlight to produce energy, supporting green and eco-conscious living. These items include covering solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, providing multi-purpose options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses or reflectors to focus solar radiation onto highly efficient solar cells, significantly increasing power output using a compact footprint. This approach is particularly effective where bright, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
